St. Catherine is a very popular saint, martyred at the beginning of the 4th century in Egypt, she is one of the three holy virgins (along with St. Barbara and St. Margaret) and the 14th saint of helpers in need. She is the patroness of theologians and philosophers.

Although the legends of her martyrdom contain many symbolic images, there is no doubt that behind them lies the life of a rare woman and an actual historical event. According to the Greek text Pasiio (narrative of the martyrdom) from the 6th century and Conversion (8th century), the young and beautiful Katerina came from an educated and noble family. In 307, the emperor Maxentius ordered grand pagan celebrations and sacrifices to the gods. Catherine refused to participate in them and even reproached the emperor for his folly: “Why do you want to bring this crowd into misery because of the cult of pagan gods? Learn to know God, the Creator of Jesus Christ, who freed humanity from hell with his cross.”

The monarch was not only surprised by this boldness, but also very touched and touched in the heart. He had orators and philosophers called to convince Catherine with their explanations. However, with her wisdom, the young Christian woman convicted them of the error, so many were even converted. She could not be persuaded to abandon her faith, even by generous marriage offers. That’s when the emperor had her beaten and put in prison. There, she was visited not only by the emperor’s wife, who also converted to the Christian faith, Jesus Christ appeared to her in a vision; Catherine’s soul since then belonged entirely to Him.

Because of the many conversions caused by Catherine’s wisdom, the emperor had her tortured on a wheel studded with nails, which, according to legend, broke during the torture, and therefore she was finally beheaded with a sword. The legend further states that the body of St. Catherine was transferred to Sinai, where a famous monastery dedicated to her name was founded. It still exists today and is visited by many pilgrims. St. Catherine is often depicted with her wheel pierced with nails or discussing with surprised philosophers. In the Franciscan monastery church in Jindřich Hradec, which is dedicated to St. Catherine, she is again depicted in a “mystical betrothal” to Jesus on the painting of the main altar, and her attribute – the executioner’s wheel – is not missing here either.

Her testimony and example make us realize a very important thing: we should strive for actual knowledge. However, the truth does not submit to the wishes of the powerful, nor do we have to arrive at it through mutual discussion, even if that is also necessary for a better understanding of it – see the conversion of the philosophers. Even education or professional studies, which we cannot underestimate, do not guarantee that we will understand things correctly. Wise is the man who can truthfully reveal the laws of this world, but he becomes a fool if he does not know the Creator of this world. And so far wiser is the one to whom the truth about God – and thus also about everything else – was revealed through the Holy Spirit. That is why St. Katerina is a shining example of Jesus’ words: “They will persecute you, deliver you to the synagogues for trial and prison, they will present you before kings and rulers for my name’s sake. This will give you an opportunity to testify. So take this to heart: Don’t prepare in advance how to defend yourself. For I will give you eloquence and wisdom, which none of your adversaries will be able to resist or oppose.” (Lk 21, 12-15)

This time in November has led many of you to thoughts or discussions about whether there is life after death. Perhaps you have read the book Life After Life by the American doctor Moody, who deals with Lazarus’ symptoms. The stories he describes happened to those who survived clinical death and were awakened to life. This may not yet convince anyone of the existence of life after death. Still, many are troubled by many ambiguities when reading it, such as understanding depersonalization, the great light, the tunnel, the wonderful feeling of joy, and so on. In this soulful time, Jesus wants to bring light to our doubts with today’s Gospel, which describes the meeting of the Lord Jesus with the Sadducees, who deny the resurrection. The Sadducees asked the Lord Jesus about the resurrection of those who have died physically, and we also often meet the Sadducees.

A group of Sadducees sought conflict to oppose Jesus. The Sadducee class came from the strict priestly class and became more of a political than a religious group. We may take them as a second Jewish sect, smaller than the class of Pharisees, with whom they disagree because they teach more strictly and have confined the revelation of God to the Five Books of Moses. They deny the resurrection and the immortality of the soul; they do not believe in life after death and in angels. Therefore, they tell Jesus about a fictional event that is directed against him. They refer to the Law of Moses, which orders: “… if someone’s brother dies who had a wife but was childless, his brother should marry her and beget offspring for his brother” (Lk 20:28). They also tell of a woman who, after the death of her husband, was married to his seven brothers. That is why they ask the Lord Jesus: “Well, which of them will be the wife of the woman at the resurrection?” After all, seven of them had her as a wife” (Lk 20:33). The Sadducees say there can be no life after death because then comic scenes would follow. The previous question formulated in this way is ridiculous. However, it is not because there are many similar questions even today. Today, when people talk about life after death, many people do not believe in life after death, ridicule and misinterpret it. For one group, this life is compatible with our life here. That’s why they try to live fully here on earth, and that’s all they expect from life. The second group speaks of the second life as a mystery that beckons man. However, it is vague and, therefore, similar to dreaming of an earthly paradise where one will not lack material things, goods, and joy. So, they see the second life after death as a worldly life of a higher quality.

When a small child goes “to the cross” during Holy Communion, he usually goes with his parents or grandparents. When I give communion to their guides, I often realize the mutual similarity and think, this is how parents looked 30 years ago, grandparents 60 years ago. Or this is what the child will look like after the mentioned years. We don’t just inherit the outward appearance. Many times also character traits. And maybe even more. The transmission of physical resemblance is automatic, based on genes, without the parents’ knowledge. It seems that the transmission of character traits is not so automatic anymore. Why? Because the parent, by shaping his nature, passes on an already guided (or unguided) child. By shaping himself, he helps his children and the environment.

Perhaps that is why we celebrate the Feast of the Sacrifice of the Virgin Mary today, even though it was slowly gaining ground in the West and was abolished after the Council of Trent. It was canceled because it is based on a New Testament apocryphal writing called Jacob’s First Gospel (lat. Protoevangelium Jacobi). Although the Second Vatican Council violated the feasts without a historical and biblical basis, today’s was retained, despite its creation at the instigation of the Apocrypha, because the Virgin Mary ultimately sacrificed herself to God and the role he assigned to her in the history of salvation. With this, she incentivizes all Christians to follow her in this sacrifice.

And to the Virgin Mary, the devotion was handed down from her parents, who brought her to the temple as a child and thus coded the devotion for her. This is what Mary wants to pass on to us. So what should we do so that Mary’s son can also say about us: “Behold, my mother and my brothers.” For everyone who does the will of my Father who is in heaven is my brother and sister and mother.”  For help, let’s take the ancient mystical author Pseudo-Marius, who compares the soul to a great city. In the middle is a beautiful castle, and next to it is the market and all the institutions that belong to the town. The enemy, i.e., original sin, has occupied the surroundings of the castle; this is what our senses symbolize. And that is why we are so often worried. From the market, the sound also reaches the castle. And there, in the depths of our soul, we can accept or reject these temptations.

In the castle of our inner soul, we should not let sin go. St. Teresa from Avila perhaps inspired by this author, wrote “The Castle Inside.” He says that we can dialogue with our Lord without being disturbed by the market. However, and you may be right, we are often internally divided. That market, figuratively speaking, reaches too far into the castle of our soul. And that is often unpleasant and tiring for us. A person following Mary avoids sin and purifies his heart to return to inner peace. The goal of asceticism – spiritual exercise is to purify one’s thoughts in the depths of one’s heart.

Because we must not stay only with moral teachings. It is necessary to learn a relationship with God, which should occur more precisely in the depths of the heart and not through external actions. That is why Jesus is so critical of the Pharisees. This may have the consequence that many people outwardly observe the commandments, but as if they still consider belonging to the Church, faith, and keeping the commandments a burden. It’s like when the Israelites left Egypt. They kept looking behind the greasy pots. Moses taught them something else. That is why a person is doing wrong when he wants to treat restlessness with drugs, medicines, and false mysticism.

Christian spirituality offers us opportunities to gain peace. It is precisely from the point of view of heredity mentioned in the introduction that we realize that the drama of the martyrdom and death of the Son of God reflects the drama of a person who is entangled in hereditary and personal sin. The situation of all humanity, including each of us, is serious when the God-Man “had” to accept such a cruel fate: he had to suffer a lot, be rejected, despised, and crucified (cf. Lk 9, 22). Therefore, let us realize that we were sacrificed to God at baptism. The great preacher and saint St. In his sermon to the newly baptized, John Chrysostom describes what baptism makes of us with these words: “The baptized are not only free, but also holy, not only holy, but also righteous, not only righteous, but also sons, not only sons but also heirs, not only heirs but also brothers of Christ and not only brothers of Christ but also co-heirs, not only co-heirs but also members, not only members but also a temple, not only a temple but an instrument of the Spirit.”

In the book Restlessness of God, the Dutch painter Jean Verkade (representative of Nabism) tells how he became a Christian. Among other things, he writes: Intellectually, I got closer and closer to the Church. I was only afraid of the obligations I had to take on, and I could not yet genuinely believe. I told the priest. He was unsurprised and told me: “Unless you are baptized, you cannot believe as we do because the supernatural virtue of faith is the grace we receive at baptism. When you are baptized, all difficulties and doubts will likely disappear. And so it happened.” So we inherited a lot of goodness. We can follow the Virgin Mary.

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In today’s part of the series about lesser-known or even well-kept converts, we will talk about a very specific group within this species. Their motivation, from the point of view of many of today’s observers of the crisis in the Catholic Church, who are inclined to easy and superficial solutions (see for example Rod Dreher), can appear confused and ill-conceived. After all, according to the common opinion of contemporary followers of ecumenism, the Orthodox Church differs from the Catholic Church only in that it does not recognize the office of the Pope, or even according to Russophiles or Slavophiles, the contemporary Orthodox Church is in much better condition than the contemporary Catholic Church.

With the first one, we can first say that the Catholic Church differs from the Orthodox Church primarily in that it is – true. The Catholic Church is the Church that was founded by Jesus Christ, the Son of God and continues unbroken to this day. The Orthodox Church in the so-called It separated the Great Schism from the Catholic Church and exists outside of its communion. However, it is not only a matter of separation from Rome. The Orthodox Church has adopted many heterodox elements during the centuries of separation so that in its case it is no longer just a matter of the notorious “non-recognition of the Pope” or the dispute over the word ” filioque “. Suffice it to mention for illustration at least the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, which the Orthodox Church does not recognize. It should also be mentioned, for example, its recognition of divorces, under certain circumstances.

Others who adore the Orthodox Church as an oasis of tradition and as their easy escape from the crisis in the Catholic Church should be reminded that the Church is a timeless institution and its teaching is the Truth revealed by God, while this teaching has the fullness of all the means of salvation for almost two thousand years. The fact that nowadays many members and representatives of the Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church distort or even deny this Truth cannot change the fact that it is the Truth and the only way to salvation.

The actions of Catholic conservative admirers of the Orthodox Church are reminiscent of the reaction of a mathematics student to a professor who teaches the subject badly, and in response to this confusion, the student instead of learning the correct procedure, despite the professor’s mistakes, resigns from mathematics as such. He will be satisfied with guessing the result, happy that until he worked on the correct result under the professor’s guidance, he hit something by guessing. However, the solution is to learn mathematics correctly, which is independent of the existence and mistakes of one professor.

Of course, no one will deny that the preservation of tradition in the Orthodox Church far surpasses all Protestant and apostate sects. However, it is all the more important to understand what led Russian converts to the Catholic faith to convert. It was not the beauty of the ceremonies, nor the antiquity, but the Truth of the Faith, the certainty of the dogmas and the historical credibility of what the Catholic Church proclaims. These converts deserve our admiration more than converts from dull and dry Protestantism, or even from the folly of pagan idolatry. At first glance, it seems that the Catholic Church did not give them much more than what they already had. However, their search had to focus much more intensively on the essential, what lies behind the beauty of the liturgy and the treasure of tradition, what distinguishes the Orthodox Church from the Catholic Church – the Truth.

Sofia Petrovna Svečina – owner of the conversion salon

At the time when the Russian nobility began to think about dealing with the Catholic faith at all, that is, at the beginning of the 19th century after the Napoleonic wars, the fiasco of the French Revolution and at the time of the conservative Catholic revival, framed by figures such as Joseph de Maistre, René de Chateaubriand or Louis de Bonald, became the first known convert from the homeland of St. Vladimíra, daughter of Russian State Secretary Peter Alexandrovich Sojmonov.

She was born in 1782 in Moscow and from childhood showed a deep talent for acquiring a broad education. She acquired an excellent knowledge of the main European languages ​​(Italian, English, French, and German), while her knowledge of the classical languages ​​was also excellent: ancient Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. As the daughter of a leading noble family, she became a lady-in-waiting to Empress Maria Fyodorovna.

At the age of seventeen, at her father’s wish, she married the much older military governor of St. Petersburg and General Nikolai Sergeevich Svechin, a widower who was already 42 years old at the time. The marriage did not deviate from the framework of noble marriages of the time and was relatively happy. However, soon after the marriage, her father as well as her husband found themselves in the disfavor of the mentally unstable Czar Paul I, as a result of which the father died of a stroke and the husband had to resign from his office.

Young Sofia, who could not have children of her own, but lovingly cared for her adopted daughter, under the pressure of these family and personal dramas, plunged into her inner world, becoming an even more avid reader, devouring Western literature and philosophy, so fashionable in the times salons of the Russian nobility. In one of these salons, Sofia fatefully meets a well-known French emigrant, a refugee from the horrors of the French Revolution and, most importantly, an ardent Catholic, Chevalier d’Augard. His captivating presentation and apology of the Catholic faith dug deep into Sofia’s soul, so much so that she began to search for members of this small French diaspora in Russia.

In this search, she finally came into contact with the famous Joseph de Maistre, who at that time was working in Russia as the ambassador of the monarch of the Kingdom of Sardinia. His influence in the circles of the Russian nobility at the time went so far that Tsar Alexander I himself began to openly sympathize with Catholicism. At that time, in the eyes of the Russian nobility, the Catholic faith was stripped of its forbidden fruit, and soon the first conversions appeared in these circles.

Sofia’s was neither light nor short. She was plagued by doubts and could not make up her mind for a long time. However, in the end, an event that decisively put an end to the Russian nobility’s flirtation with Catholicism probably helped her definitive conversion. Under the pressure of the Orthodox hierarchy, the government decided to expel the Jesuits, who had been tolerated until then, in order to persuade the Russians to convert to the Catholic faith. Faced with the threat that she too would now be condemned by society for her faith, perhaps Sofia realized her duty to God and openly confessed her sympathies towards the Catholic Church.

Czar Alexander, who had previously also made no secret of his sympathies for Catholicism despite signing the decree to expel the Jesuits, maintained his favor with Sofia. However, the rest of society did not, so she decided to emigrate to Paris in 1816, where she definitively and officially accepted the Catholic faith. In Paris, her salon soon became a sought-after place where French celebrities of the time met and where many conversions from among the Russian nobility took place. Her captivating personality and even more her gift of conversation, which Lacordaire attributed to her as “the great master of conversation”, together with her intelligence, education, and zeal for the Catholic faith, formed a most attractive mixture that led to salvation many a wandering soul.

In her salon, such aces of the French education of the time as Abbot Félix Dupanloup, Alexis de Tocqueville, Paris Archbishop Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, Prosper Guéranger, Victor Cousin, or her compatriot, Prince Ivan Sergejevich Gagarin, were frequent guests.

Thanks to her and in her salon, Countess Sofia Rostopčinová, another Russian convert and later French writer, author of the famous children’s books Sofia’s Troubles, Somárik’s Memory, and Little Good Girls , met her future husband, Count de Ségur.

She became a permanent part of French literature thanks to her rich correspondence with the intellectual elite of the time. Her correspondence with Alexis de Tocqueville, Count Fréderic de Falloux and Viscount Armand de Melun stands out.

Sofia Petrovna Svečina died in Paris in 1857, and her reputation as a defender of the Catholic faith was so great that shortly after her death rumors spread about her canonization. And even though it did not happen, and even if she still had to atone for some sins in Purgatory, it is likely that the prayers of the multitude that she converted to the true faith shortened her temporary suffering and now she is enjoying with them in Heaven.

Vladimir Sergejevich Pecherin – from a nihilist to an Irish priest

The person and especially the life of the poet Pečerin are significantly more bizarre than the ultimately peaceful life of Sofia Svečina in the Parisian salons. He was born in 1807, when she was already enchanting the cream of St. Petersburg, at the very opposite end of Russia, in seaside Odessa.

The son of a cruel nobleman, who regularly beat not only the servants, but also his wife, Vladimir’s mother, was very sensitive to this cruelty and concluded it that questioned not only the traditional world of tsarism, family, and order but also Christianity itself. In his later memoirs, he described his father’s rage as follows:

“ I can still hear their wails as he whipped them in the stables. My mother sent me to my father to intercede for Vaska or Jaška. I cried, begged, kissed my father’s hands and sometimes mitigated the cruelty of their Russian fate… But my mother was also a victim herself… Once she took me by the hand, led me to a corner, told me to kneel next to her in front of the icon of St. Nicholas, and in tears said : “Oh, Saint Nicholas, you see how unfairly we are treated!” Meanwhile, in the next room, a party was taking place… But the queen of this party was not mine mother, but another woman… This other woman was the wife of our colonel, a cunning and beautiful Pole, with whom my father had an almost open affair.”

After a short career as a university professor in Moscow, he became a nihilistic dissident, of the kind that was numerous in Russia in the 19th century, and which the Russian novelist Dostoyevsky describes vividly in his novel Besy . He decided to emigrate to the West and wrote a personal letter to the Tsar about his decision.

In Europe, he became a member of bohemian literary groups, inclined to the same romantically tinged nihilism as himself. He made a name for himself as a poet with classicizing tendencies in his style and an iconoclastic tendency in his content. It was an even bigger shock for all his friends and acquaintances when he decided to convert to the Catholic faith in 1840.

His conversion was total and thorough. He decided to become not only a Catholic but also a Catholic priest. Tsar Nicholas I was so enraged by this news that he stripped him of Russian citizenship, nobility, and any inheritance. He was also banned from returning to Russia. However, this only strengthened Pečerin in his decision. He became a member of the Redemptorist order, whose mission was to work among the poorest of the poor. He lived in a monastery in Clapham, near London, and later in Ireland, where his oratorical skills attracted large audiences and made Pecherin’s sermons very popular.

After his departure to Ireland, he lived excellently with the mentality of the people there and even came into the wider historical consciousness of the British Empire as the last Catholic priest, tried in 1855 for violating the Protestant “blasphemy” law, that is, in fact, for questioning Protestant heresies. Pecherin, who as a local Catholic priest was at the head of the campaign against immoral literature, while burning dubious books also threw into the flames the Protestant Bible of King James I. Stuart, all this on Guy Fawkes Day, a Catholic dissident from the time of King James who was executed for allegedly planning to blow up the English Parliament. On this day, English Protestants celebrate the capture of alleged Catholic traitors.

Newspapers ran ahead in anti-Catholic hysteria, but the jury acquitted Pečerin, much to the indignation of Protestant groups. The enthusiastic Irish Catholic population in Dublin wildly celebrated his freedom and even composed two songs about him that are still part of Irish folklore. The case had a different response in Russia, where anti-Catholic propaganda portrayed Pecherin as a typical “Jesuit” blaspheme while hushing up the liberating finale.

In 1856, Pecherin was invited by Cardinal Newman to preach on St. Patrick’s Day in the chapel of the newly founded University of Dublin. There, Pečerin openly took the side of the Irish national liberation struggle. Contemporary reports praise his English and rhetoric, which were said to be the envy of even the most experienced English speakers, adding that many cried during the sermon.

In 1862, after 20 years of missionary service, Pecherin was allowed to leave the Redemptorists at his request. To save him from poverty, Pecherin was assigned by the Archbishop of Dublin, Cardinal Paul Cullen, as chaplain to the Sisters of Mercy at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital. Pecherin spent the last 23 years of his life there while living as a virtual hermit.

Although it may seem that way at first glance, he never forgot about Russia. He once wrote about his split between two worlds:

” I happen to lead two lives: one here, the other in Russia. I can’t get rid of Russia. I belong to him by the very essence of my being. It is thirty years since I settled here – but I am still a stranger, my spirit and my dreams do not wander here – at least not in the environment to which I was bound by fateful necessity. I don’t care if anyone here will remember me when I die, but Russia is a different matter. Oh, how much I wish to leave some memory of myself on Russian soil, at least one printed page that will bear witness to the existence of a certain Vladimir Sergeyevitch Pecherin .”

However, those Russians who decided to follow him in the most important decision of his life, converting to the Catholic faith, do not doubt at all about the significance of his existence for Russia. His life was a small but significant contribution to Our Lady of Fatima, at her request for the consecration of Russia.

Ivan Sergejevich Gagarin – from a descendant of the medieval nobility to a Jesuit

A descendant of the ancient Russian nobility, who belonged to the rulers of Starodub in the Middle Ages, and the son of Prince Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin and Varvara Mikhailovna Pushkinova, he was born in 1814. His origins and talents predestined him for a diplomatic career. His uncle worked as an ambassador in Munich, where young Ivan was sent in 1833 as chief actuary.

In Munich, he met the German philosopher Friedrich Schelling and one of the most talented lyricists of Russian poetry of the 19th century, Tyutchev, who also worked in the diplomatic service. Gagarin became his protector and mediated the publication of his poems in Pushkin’s magazine Sovremennik , which, given his mother’s original name, was not a problem for him.

In 1838, IS Gagarin was appointed junior secretary at the embassy in Paris, and his extensive scientific interests led him to do a lot of work in history and Slavic studies in addition to his diplomatic services. Of course, these were not his only distractions from the boring administrative work at the embassy. The circle of this article essentially closes with the information that in Paris Gagarin became a regular visitor to the salon of his distant relative, whom we introduced to readers first in our modest medallion – Sofie Petrovna Svečina. We need not doubt that there he came under the fire of her Catholic zeal.

That probably started his own spiritual search. Subsequent study of church history and communication with educated Catholics led him to believe in the truth of Catholicism, and on April 19, 1842, he officially joined the Catholic Church. The tsar’s sanctions were not as severe as Pecherin’s, but in the same year, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamber cadet.

Freeing himself from his obligations to the service of his native country, on August 12, 1843, he entered the real lion’s den, which was undoubtedly the Jesuit order for every Russian Orthodox Christian at that time, perceived as a sophisticated trap of Latin tricksters for spiritual entrapment and deception of naive Christians. After two years of novitiate, he later took his vows in the Society of Jesus under the religious name Xavier.

After entering the religious order, he was ordained as a priest, studied theology and taught church history at several Jesuit colleges. However, he did not forget his compatriots and the desire for the return of Russia to one Catholic fold accompanied his life until the end. This effort was crowned by the publication of many works on the theme of papal primacy and the uniqueness of the Catholic faith. The fact that in the mid-1850s he became an active member of the expanding Paris circle of Russian Catholics, which, in addition to him, included IM Martynov, EP Balabin, SS Dzhunkovskij testifies to the fact that his efforts, at least on the level of individual destinies, were not without effect and others.

In 1856, Gagarin published his first French essay with the characteristic title Will Russia become Catholic ? , which was soon translated into Russian. The work was well received in French Catholic circles, but provoked sharp criticism from Orthodox figures. What followed was what he had been spared so far: he was forbidden to enter Russia, he was deprived of nobility, citizenship, property, and inheritance.

The fact that the conversion of the Eastern Slavs permanently occupied his mind is also evidenced by the fact that in 1855 he created the Society of St. Cyril and Methodius in Paris, one of the first to be established. In 1857-1858, he published the monumental six-volume Theological, Philosophical and Historical Studies, which contained his articles of theological and historical content about Russia. It is already clear from the scope to what extent he attached importance to the conversion of the Russian nation.

In 1859 he went to Jerusalem, where he originally intended to stay for a long time, but health problems forced him to return to France in 1865. The rest of his life was devoted to the pedagogic, literary and scientific activity to which he dedicated his entire life and which was to lead his compatriots to the knowledge of the Truth.

He died in Paris in 1882 and is buried in the famous Paris cemetery of Montparnasse.

His work forms a substantial reservoir of arguments, suggestions, and exhortations, which brought several of his compatriots into the bosom of the Catholic Church. Let’s hope that this path will not remain blocked for the members of this great nation in the future.

These three words present one of the most challenging challenges of the New Testament! It becomes even more demanding after Jesus explains how exactly we are to love our enemies. We should not only not harbor hatred toward people who hurt us, but we should show love to them actively and concretely. We are to “do good to those who hate us, bless those who curse us, pray for those who despite fully use us” (cf. Lk 6, 27-28).

This command may seem impossible, even unfair. Why should we do good or bless people who have harmed or want to harm us? Because this is how God loves us! And when we do the same, “we will be sons of the Most High, for he is good even to the ungrateful and the bad” (Lk 6, 35). Jesus himself set a high bar in love: he loved even people who wanted to kill him. He even prayed for the people who crucified him and forgave them (23, 34). This is how Jesus loved his enemies; this is how he loved us.

During her service to the sick, Saint Catherine of Siena often felt God was prompting her to show love to her neighbors. More than once, some of the women she cared for got angry with her and treated her with hostility. However, despite their hurtful words, Katharina continued to nurse their wounds and care for them without complaining or defending themselves.

One of them, Ballerina, was so moved by Catherine’s love that she converted on her deathbed. So, how can you love your enemies? For example, by showing love to a family member who is always whining. Or by asking God to bless the person who slanders you. You can also ask God to heal someone sick, even though they have mistreated you. Whenever you do such things, you are loving like Jesus. What’s more, you become a channel of God’s grace that heals and washes away the poison of bitterness. It is not easy, but it is possible. Jesus poured his love into our hearts, and his love overcomes all.

Jesus, fill me with your love so I can love my enemies.

Today we will look at a susceptible topic: the number of the saved. It is not about sensationalism, exact numbers, or “sending people to Hell”. It is about seeking and confronting the truth (which liberates). Christian love naturally leads us to desire the salvation of souls – first, our souls, and then all others. After all, “God wants all people to be saved and to know the truth”. But who wants to know her today? And right after that, Paul adds that there is only “one mediator between God and men – the man Christ Jesus” (1 Tim 2:4-5). Today, this second part is (un)intentionally forgotten. Therefore, let’s look again at what the Church teaches us about it.

In this first part, we will present the testimony of the Holy Scriptures and the statements of some Church Fathers and Teachers. In the second part, the sayings of many saints and the teachings of general councils and popes.

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Holy Scripture Lk 24.47: “… and in his (Jesus’) name,
repentance for the forgiveness of sins will be preached to all nations, starting from Jerusalem .” Jn 3.36: “He who believes in the Son has eternal life, but he who does not believe in the Son, he will not see life and God’s wrath will rest on him (a more accurate translation of the Greek name = remains, continues ).” (That is, it was already on him before).

1 Tim 2,5-7: “For there is one God and one mediator between God and men – the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all, as a testimony at the right time. And I am appointed as his herald and apostle – I speak the truth, I do not lie – a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth.”

1Pt 1,12: “And it was revealed to them (by the prophets) that they served you, not themselves, but what you’re now preachers of the gospel in the Holy Spirit, sent from heaven, which even the angels long to look at.”

1Cor 9,16: “After all, if I preach the gospel, I have nothing to brag about, it is my duty and woe to me if I did not preach the gospel.” (And woe would be to those to whom he would not preach).

Rom 10.8–17: But what does he say? ” The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart”; namely the word of faith that we preach. Because if you confess with your mouth: “Jesus is Lord!” and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart we believe unto righteousness, and with the mouth we confess unto salvation. After all, the Scripture says: “No one who believes in him will be put to shame.”

There is no difference between the Jew and the Greek, for the same is the Lord of all, rich to all who call on him: For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. But how will they call upon him in whom they have not believed? And how will they believe in him of whom they have not heard? And how do they hear without a preacher? And how will they preach if they are not sent? As it is written: “How beautiful are the feet of those who preach good news.” But not all obeyed the gospel. Isaiah also says: “Lord, who believed what we preached?” That is, faith comes from preaching and preaching through Christ’s word.

Heb 11:6: “For without faith it is impossible to please God.”

Rom 1:18-32: “God’s wrath from heaven is revealed against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hinder the truth by unrighteousness. After all, it is obvious to them what can be known about God; God revealed it to them . After all, what is invisible in him – his eternal power and divinity – can be known by reason from created things since the creation of the world; so they have no excuses. Although they knew God , they did not glorify him as God, nor did they give him thanks; but they were lost in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened. They said they were wise, and they became fools. They exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images depicting mortal man, birds, quadrupeds and reptiles. Therefore God gave them over to impurity according to the desires of their hearts; and so they dishonored their own bodies who exchanged God’s truth for a lie, worshiped creatures and served them rather than the Creator , who is glorified forever. Amen.

That is why God gave them over to shameless passions. Their women exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural intercourse. And likewise the men left the natural intercourse with the woman, and burned with lust for one another: men committed indecency with men. So they took upon themselves the well-deserved retribution for their wandering. And because they did not know how to value the knowledge of God, God gave them over to their perverted thinking , to do what is not proper, full of iniquity, malice, avarice, wickedness, full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malice; they are gossipers, extortionists, hate God, insult others, are proud, haughty, invent evil, disobey parents, are unreasonable, unfaithful, heartless and merciless. Although they are well aware of God’s decree that those who do such things deserve death, they not only do it themselves, but also approve when others do it . ungodly and sinner ?”

1Sol 2,16: “and they (the Jews) prevent us from preaching to the Gentiles so that they may be saved ; and so they are still fulfilling the measure of their sins. But the wrath of God has come to the brink of them.” (Because in 1 Thessalonians 1:9, the Holy Scripture testifies that before converting to Christ, these pagans from Thessalonica served idols ).

2 Thessalonians 1:8: “to punish those who do not know God and those who oppose the gospel of our Lord Jesus in a fiery flame.”

Church Fathers and Teachers of the Church

of St. John Chrysostom (ca. 350 – 407), Church Father and Teacher of the Church
” We must not think that ignorance will be a sufficient excuse : because the time will come when we will be punished for our ignorance, when we will not be justified as much as our ignorance. ” (Hom. 26, in ep. Ad Rom.)

St. Augustine (354-430), Church Father and Teacher of the Church
“We are to have perfect hatred for other religions, but we must have a discerning love for people who are pagans . Perfect discriminating love is only that in which we desire from the heart that the heathen or heretic should be converted and enter the True Church and thereby save his soul. On the contrary, perfect hatred is to leave the pagan or heretic in his delusion and tell him that he can remain in delusion because he will be saved anyway . This is evil of the first category and false love, which has its root in the evil spirit.” “All who believed in God from the foundation of the world and had a certain knowledge of him, lived in piety and righteousness, keeping the commandments, were without doubt saved by him” (Epistole ), but this does not apply to Gentiles. However virtuous such as Fabius, Scipio, Pythagoras, and Plato might appear, their virtues were only “beautiful vices” without righteousness, for righteousness is impossible without faith . Because righteousness means faith in God – not in any God, but in the one true God – and gratitude to Him. And since these men had never heard of the true God, they could not have faith and thus could not be righteous. “Gentiles who did not have faith in Christ are not righteous and do not please God, who cannot be pleased without faith…” (Contra Julianum Pelagianorum)

Now if anyone says, as the Pelagians did, that it is not just, that the Gentiles and the unbaptized children of the Gentiles should be punished. But it would be just if the entire race were condemned to eternal punishment. However, thanks to God’s infinite mercy, some are saved. But if someone asks a question and says that it is impossible to punish a person whose will is not free, Augustine answers that it is a mystery. God’s ways are not our ways, nor are His thoughts our thoughts. God’s justice is incomprehensible, unlike our justice, and cannot be measured by human standards. We just know that His will is perfectly just. And we have to stop there. This is Augustine’s teaching on the foundations of Law, Sin and Punishment in a nutshell.” (Ethics of St. Augustine)

St. Peter Kanízius (1521 – 1597), Teacher of the Church
Against those who do not know about the things necessary for salvation (heading of the first author’s page in the Catechism, which he wrote and was the most used in the Church for a long time):

“No man must flee into the darkness of ignorance, that it may pretend an excuse for him. It is one thing not to know, and another to refuse to know. For the will is condemned in such a man who is said not to understand that he could do good. Yes, this very ignorance, which does not concern those who will not know, but those who simply do not know, does not excuse anyone from burning with eternal fire – if he did not believe because he never heard what he could believe (the gospel), maybe however, it will burn less. For it was not without reason that it was said:

“Pour out your anger on the nations that did not know you” (Jer 10:25). And what the apostle says: “When he comes in a flame of fire to take revenge on those who do not know God” (2 Thessalonians 1:8). “Because you have rejected knowledge, I will also reject you” (Hos, 4,6). “They said to God: Depart from us, we will not get used to knowing your ways” (Job 21,14). “If anyone does not know, he will not be known” (1 Cor 14:38). “Do not be like a horse and a mule, in which there is no understanding” (Psalm 31:9). “Do not stop listening to the teaching, my son, and do not be ignorant of the words of knowledge” (Pro 19,27). (A Sum of Christian Doctrine, 1555)

Vol. Alfonz Mária Liguori (1696-1787), bishop and Teacher of the Church
” All unbelievers and heretics are surely on the way to damnation. (The Incarnation, Birth and Infancy, 291-2)

At the end of this first part, I want to encourage us not only to read these statements but also to think about them…

King Malcolm greets Margaret upon her arrival on the shores of Scotland.

The story of Saint Margaret shows how life can treat a person in a crazy way. She was born in Hungary in 1045 as the daughter of a British king who had fled the country. She grew up in England, became Queen of Scotland, and her remains now rest in Spain. But anyone who, like Saint Margaret of Scotland, firmly believes in divine providence will reach the high goal for which God has chosen them, even by crooked paths.

The fact that Saint Margaret was born in a foreign land, far from her homeland, is a clear sign of God’s providence. Out of this misfortune, the young princess found great happiness in that she saw with her own eyes the blessing that comes from a holy ruler. This ruler was the host of her parents, Saint Stephen of Hungary. The example that this prince, full of royal nobility, set for her in her youth was a guiding light for the salvation of the entire Scottish people when she herself became queen. So misfortune is not always misfortune, but can also be happiness.

When the royal family was later able to return to England, divine providence, which directs and guides everything for the best, soon showed itself for the second time in a new apparent misfortune. The father died, disputes over the throne broke out, and Margareta and her brother Edgar had to flee the country in a hurry. And because, as we all know, no misfortune comes alone, the storm drove the ship they were trying to use to reach the mainland far off course to the north, where it was wrecked on the Scottish coast. King Malcolm of Scotland welcomed the castaways hospitably, soon fell in love with Margareta, asked for her hand in marriage, and when she said yes to him, they celebrated their wedding. The fugitive princess had become a queen. So misfortune is not always misfortune, it can also be good fortune.

A little later, however, it turned out that the new happiness had brought with it a new misfortune. Malcolm was a daredevil and a quarrelsome man, and a miser at that, who committed many wrongs in his hot temper, and if this man had found a wife of the same kind, the misfortune would probably never have ended. Therefore, divine providence once again arranged that the hot-tempered king received a wife in Margareta who ennobled him and transformed him not only into a good person, but also into a capable ruler, so that the whole country was grateful to the queen.

Beautiful and happy years followed. The royal family was a haven of love and peace. Six sons and two daughters made the parents happy, and none of the children ever brought them disgrace. They all thrived; Margaret herself taught them to pray and explained the catechism and the Bible to them. But one should not think that the queen was squeamish in her upbringing. For example, if one of the princes was punished by a teacher for doing something wrong and complained to his mother about it, she would give him a second beating. Margaret looked after the poor of the country with royal generosity. She fed up to three hundred people a day. The noble woman also visited hospitals and prisons, considering it her privilege as a kind mother of the country to look after the poorest in particular.

Thirty blessed years passed through all this. Then, in one last great misfortune, divine providence came upon the good queen once more. Margaret was dying when she was told that her husband and her beloved son had fallen in battle. She folded her hands and prayed: “God, I thank you that you have visited me with this great suffering before my end, in order to cleanse me of the stains of my sins so that I can come to you in heaven.” Margaret had penetrated so deeply into the understanding of divine providence that turns all misfortune into happiness, up to the highest happiness, which consists in eternal bliss.