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The First and second conversion.
“Come and follow me!”
The apostles follow Jesus, they enter the school of Jesus. But they are not yet they are not fully committed to him. They have their plans, even with Jesus, they have their plans. They have left the house and the boat, but they have not sold it. They left these things and they wanted to appropriate Jesus. They had their plans: expelling the Romans, and setting up a new kingdom. Then they wouldn’t need their ship anymore. Nor their net and their house. Then they might be ministers. And the mother of Zebedee of the sons even begs, “When you become the lord of Israel, please say, that these two sons of mine may sit in thy kingdom one by one and the other on your left” (Mt 20:20-21). And the others are frowning and are full of jealousy. For they too wanted to sit next to Jesus. Do you notice how many are selfish here? God touched them personally. And now these things occur to them. Something they’ll abandon because they’re hoping to get something better. They want to draw Christ into their plans. This becomes very clear in Matthew’s Gospel (Mt. 16:21-23), where Peter – after the prediction of suffering – tells the Lord directly face to face: “May God be gracious to you, Lord! This must not happen to you!” But Jesus turns and says to Peter: “Get out of my way, Satan! You are an offense to me. You have no sense of the things of God, only of the things of men!” (cf. Mt 16:22-23). Even in the name of God Peter will say: “This shall not happen to you.” How often even we use God’s name to make our selfish goal intentions to clothe ourselves in godliness, to cover ourselves?
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The Pope defends the blessing of couples.
The priest does not bless the union, but the people who have asked for it together
In his address, Francis emphasized that these blessings do not require moral perfection to be received.
Pope Francis on Friday defended the Catholic Church’s recent approval of blessing couples in irregular situations, including same-sex couples. At the same time, the Pope tried to appease his conservative critics.
The Vatican Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith reported in December that priests may, under certain circumstances, bless couples in irregular situations, including same-sex couples or divorced and civilly remarried couples.
However, in some parts of the world, especially in Africa, this decision caused resentment and outrage among clergy and believers, with critics accusing the church of concessions on the issues of gay marriage and homosexuality. However, the Vatican refused. The document by which African bishops refused to bless homosexual couples was created in coordination with the Vatican.
The document Fiducia supplicans, which concerns the blessing of couples in irregular situations, was mentioned by the Pope on Friday in his address to the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith as it gathered in the Vatican for its annual plenary assembly.
The Pope emphasized that the purpose of the pastoral and spontaneous blessings described in the document is to “show the closeness of the Lord and the Church to all those who find themselves in various situations and ask for help to continue – sometimes even begin – the journey of faith”.
In his address, Francis emphasized that these blessings “do not require moral perfection to be received.”He also noted that when a couple spontaneously turns to a clergyman and asks for a blessing, “he is not blessing the union, but simply the people who have asked for it together … taking into account the context, sensitivity, where one life, and the most appropriate ways to do”.
In light of the backlash the Vatican’s move has sparked, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a press release in early January explaining that the pastoral blessings made possible by the Dec. 18 Fiducia supplicants declaration are to be short and outside the space in front of the altar, without the use of a book of blessings.
Rome’s unclear steps allowed the bishops to choose the approach they thought was best.“When two people approach such a blessing together, the priest simply asks God for peace, health, and other good things for the two people who ask for it,” reads the statement signed by the prefect of the dicastery, Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, and secretary Armando Matteo.
At the same time, the Vatican reiterated that the church’s stance on marriage is “clear and definitive”: it can only be a union between a man and a woman. The church also has an unchanged attitude towards sexuality, considering homosexual behavior as a sin.
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Angela Merici from Brescia, virgin
Holy
Holiday: January 27
* 21 March 1474 (?) Desenzano del Garda, Brescia, Italy
† 27 January 1540 Brescia, Italy
Meaning of the name Angela: messenger, courier (from Greek)
Emblem: lily
Moretto da Brescia: Angela after her death, in 1540, painted in Desenzano
Angela Merici was born about 1474 in Desenzano del Garda (Brescia region), Italy. Her father Giovanni came from Brescia, and her mother Caterina was the sister of the respected Mr. Biancoso de Bianchi di Salo. Angela spent her childhood, adolescence, and partly also her youth in the wild nature of the countryside, in constant daily work around the farm in the farmyard. They had five children, three boys and two girls. Angela was second to last. Angela’s father could read and often read biographies of saints to the family. The memories of these readings remained very vivid in Angela, and it was they that moved her to decide to lead a sober, spiritual life even then. When she was 10 years old, her parents died. She then went to her uncle. She was very upset when her sister died shortly after, but without receiving the sacraments. However, she had a revelation that her sister was in God’s care and this strengthened her to devote her life to God. She becomes a Franciscan Tertiary and returns to Desenzano. In 1516, her Franciscan superiors invited her to the city of Brescia to a respected lady named Caterina Patengola, who had lost her husband and children. This is where she begins her mission as a comforter and counselor. This mission gradually extends to all those who turn to her with a request for prayer, or as a mediator and propitiator. In Brescia, she later settles in a house belonging to a young merchant who considers her to be his spiritual mother. Then she moved to an apartment near the church of St. Africa. During her stay in Brescia, she visited several pilgrimage sites. Pilgrimages were a popular form of penance at that time. In 1524, she traveled to the Holy Land. For six months, she was thus exposed to all possible threats and dangers, such as pirates, bandits, sea storms, and deviation from the sea route. On this journey, she fell ill and became blind. She insisted on continuing her pilgrimage to the holy places, using her heart instead of her eyes. On her return, her sight returned. This became a reminder to her not to close her eyes to the needs she saw around her, not to close her heart to God’s call. Around her, she saw poor girls without education and hope. In the 15th and 16th centuries, when Angela lived, education for women was only available to the wealthy or nuns. Even Angela only knew what she had learned herself. Women were not allowed to teach and unmarried women were not allowed to go out alone. The nuns were the most educated women, but they could not leave the monastery. Angela gathered together a group of single women and friends of the Franciscans, and together they went out into the streets to collect girls whom they then taught. These women had no money and no power, but they were united by their loyalty to Christ. They lived in their families and met for prayer and teaching. Angela reminded them that the world around them badly needed their service. They were so successful in their service that even in other cities they asked to introduce their innovative approach to education. They influenced many people, even the Pope.
In the jubilee year 1525, Angela traveled to Rome. Pope Clement VII offered her to take charge of a council of nurses in Rome. However, Angela refused his offer because she felt that this was not the path to which God had called her. The Pope’s request inspired her to formalize her group. In 1529, before the threat of military raids, together with the family of Agostino Galla and other residents, he took refuge in Cremona. Here he established contacts with the court of Francesca II. After returning to Brescia, she devoted herself to the work that God had assigned her, founding the “Society of Saint Ursula” (November 25, 1535). She had a vision in which she confirmed that God had chosen her to found a new society in the Church. For a woman at that time, only two paths were possible: marriage or a monastery with a cloister. At that time, the woman’s fate was decided by her own family. From now on, Angela allows women another state of life, which will later become canonical: it is a voluntary consecration to God with the life of “brides of the Son of God” while remaining in the world, in the family, or a certain work environment. They are not bound to joint activity, but they are not isolated either, because they are members of a certain spiritual family. To this “family,” Angela gives her own Rule, Advice, and Testament of deep ascetic and spiritual value, but also full of pedagogical foresight. Society of St. Ursuly was the first group of women who were dedicated to the education of women and who worked outside the monastery. It took many years before her radical ideas of education were accepted.
Angela died at the age of seventy on January 27, 1540, in Brescia, where she was also buried in the church of St. Afra. It is now a shrine dedicated to Angela. The Church declared her a saint on May 24, 1807. When the sisters were afraid of losing her when she died, she assured them: “I will continue more alive than in this life, I will see you better, love you more in the deeds you do, and I will help you more.” Angela Merici’s ideas and principles spread very quickly throughout Italy and the world. In Italy, they founded the Society of St. Ursula various bishops, in France these were transformed into religious communities in the 17th century under the influence of the Jesuits. They were engaged in the education of girls and spread to all parts of the world. In the following centuries, many other congregations were founded according to the Ursuline Rule, all of them considering Angela as their Mother. Thanks to the fact that the Society of St. Ursula has expanded in its secular form and the form of various institutes of the Ursuline Sisters, today Angela Merici is recognized and revered all over the world.
The spirituality of Angela Merici and her daughters is still current. Its innovation is in the idea and implementation of consecrated life in the world, in pedagogical principles that foreshadow the ideas of St.Francis of Sales and St.Don Bosco. Angela also reminds us: “Beware of forcing someone, because God has given each person free will and a desire not to be forced into anything; God only shows the way, invites them, and advises them.”
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Is it possible that hell is empty? Theologians have a problem with this.
If all people ended up in heaven, God would not respect free will, says the approached theologian. What do we know about hell?
Illustration photo: Attitude – created by artificial intelligence
“It’s not a dogma of faith, it’s my thing that I like: I like to imagine hell empty. It is a pleasure: I hope it is a fact. But it’s a pleasure.’
These words were announced by Pope Francis in the first half of January in the program Che tempo che fa, which is broadcast by the Italian television Channel 9.
The current Pope is said to have spoken about an empty hell in 2018 during an interview with the Italian journalist and founder of La Repubblica Eugenio Scalfari. The Vatican Press Center subsequently denied these statements, saying that they were misinterpreted.
Hell is already mentioned in the Holy Scriptures
We looked at what Christian teaching says about hell and what theologians think about “empty hell”. While purgatory is a doctrine of the Catholic Church and Protestant churches do not recognize it, all Christian churches agree on the existence of hell.
We already know about the existence of hell from the Holy Scriptures. According to biblical scholar and Catholic priest Peter Olas, the idea of hell is more developed in the New Testament than in the Old Testament.
“In the Old Testament, the idea of the afterlife, and thus of eternal damnation or eternal life with God, developed only gradually. Only in the last centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ did Jews gradually begin to understand the existence of life after death and with it a kind of ‘place’ for the righteous (heaven) and for the wicked (hell), says the priest of the Žilina diocese.
We have the most references to hell in Matthew’s Gospel, for example in the parable of the sheep and the goats (Mt 25:31-46). “Well, I tell you: Everyone who is angry with his brother will go to court. Whoever says to his brother: ‘Fool,’ will go before the great council. And whoever says to him: ‘You godless fool,’ will go to hell fire.” (Mt 5,22)
Some Biblical Quotes About Hell
If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away from you, for it is better for you that one of your members should perish than that your whole body should go to hell. (Mt 5:29)
Enter through the narrow gate, because the gate is wide and the way is wide leads to damnation, and many enter through it. How straight is the gate and narrow is the way that leads to life, and few are there who find it! (Mt 7:13-14)
The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather from his kingdom all scandals and those who work iniquity, and they will throw them into the fiery furnace. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (Mt 13:41-42)
So it will be at the end of the world: angels will come out, separate the wicked from the righteous, and throw them into the fiery furnace. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (Mt 13,49-50)
Priest Olas adds that the 20th chapter of the Book of Revelation (John’s Apocalypse) also speaks of hell as the “second death” or the “lake of fire” where the devil, the beast, and the false prophet are cast down (Revelation 20:10) and later also death and underworld (Revelation 20:14).
The very formulations of the Catholic Church on eternal damnation have evolved over the centuries.
Hell is eternal
In this context, the Greek Catholic priest Štefan Paločko points out that if we talk about the development of church teaching about hell, it is necessary to distinguish what is meant by this.
“If we mean the content of the treasure of faith, that is, what Christ handed over to the apostles and they in turn to the church, there can be no talk of any development. Christ gave the fullness of truth to the church once and for all. There will be nothing more that is by this treasure of faith, that is true, that that contradicts it is a mistake,” explains the associate professor of Catholic theology at the Greek Catholic Faculty of Theology of the University of Prešov in Prešov.
We can therefore only speak of the development of Catholic teaching in the sense that at various times the clearest means of expression were sought, with which the church wants to express what Christ taught as clearly and comprehensibly as possible.
According to the theologian Paloček, the church proclaims two infallible definitions of hell, which are confirmed as dogma. The first is from the Fourth Lateran Council, which was in 1215.
She says “(Jesus Christ) will come at the end of the ages to judge the living and the dead and repay everyone according to their deeds, both the reprobate and the elect. All of them will be resurrected with their bodies, which they carry here, so that according to their good or bad deeds, rejected with the devil, they will receive eternal punishment, chosen with Christ, eternal glory”.
According to the Greek Catholic priest, this definition confirms with infallible certainty that damnation, or hell, is eternal.
The second definition is from the document of Pope Benedict XII. Benedictus Deus of 1336: “We define: according to the general decree of God, the souls of those who depart in actual grievous sin immediately descend into hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell.”
Hell is also mentioned in the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) in points 1033-1037.
“We cannot be united with God unless we freely choose to love him. However, we cannot love God if we sin grievously against him, against our neighbor, or ourselves.” (CCC 1033)

The painting of the Last Judgment by Fra Angelico.
The Catechism continues in point 1034:
“Jesus often speaks of ‘hell’ (gehenna), of ‘unquenchable fire’, which is destined for those who until the end of their lives refuse to believe and convert, and where both soul and body can perish at the same time.
Jesus announces in serious words that “he will send his angels and they will gather from his kingdom… those who commit iniquity and throw them into the fiery furnace” (Mt 13:41-42) and that he will announce the condemnation: “Depart from me, you cursed, into of eternal fire’ (Mt 25:41).”
The teaching of the Church defined in the Catechism (1035) further adds that “hell exists and that it is eternal. The souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend immediately after death into hell, where they suffer hellish torments, ‘eternal fire’. The main punishment of hell consists in eternal separation from God, because only in it can a man have the life and bliss for which he was created and for which he desires”.
The Catechism also specifies that “God does not predestinate anyone to go to hell; it presupposes a voluntary turning away from God (mortal sin) and remaining in that turning away until the end”.
Hell is no romance, warns the evangelical priest
Hell and devils are romanticized by many people today, we often see it in fairy tales.
In the video, the evangelical pastor in Vrútki, Marián Krivuš, mentions the incident when he came across a discussion about hell on an internet forum.
“When I thought about it later, I realized that many of my acquaintances and friends also have different ideas about hell, mostly unrealistic, humorous, and romantic, meaning that if it exists, he will get there with a bunch of friends and at least it will be cheerful and warm. It’s absurd,” notes the evangelical clergyman.
“You can joke about hell and the last things, make inappropriate jokes, as long as we are not confronted with reality, and it is different. “We should think about spiritual life so that the romantic idea of roasting sausages in hell does not make light of the situation we will all be confronted with one day,” he adds.
Is hell empty?
Some believers have a theory that hell is empty. They claim that God, in His great mercy and love, will certainly not send anyone there and that we will all end up in heaven.
In this context, some also perceived the Pope’s words quoted at the beginning of the text. However, priest Ľubomír Hlad, who teaches dogmatic theology at the Roman Catholic Cyrilo-Method Faculty of Theology of the Comenius University, perceives the Pope’s words as his desire for hell to be empty. “I don’t feel that he holds the thesis about the non-existence of hell,” he stated.
Štefan Paločko does not think that the Pope’s statement in the TV show deserves significant attention. “The mere fact that a person holds the office of pope does not add to his theological education or character in any way. Therefore, in his private statements, the theological significance of his statements does not exceed his natural human dispositions,” said Polačko.
Even the revelation and seeing God’s love face to face does not necessarily mean for the human self (soul) a willingness to bow to God and love him.
Peter Olas perceives the statements of Francis in the sense that the Pope likes to play with the idea that God wants and knows how to save us and that he invents all kinds of ways to get us from the path of sin to the path to him. “It is an expression of great hope in God’s goodness,” thinks the biblical scholar.
So is it possible that hell is empty, or that there are only devils and demons?
The theologian Hlad says that this topic has been discussed since the time of Origen (he lived at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries), who advocated the teaching of the so-called apokatastasis, i.e. about the restoration of everything at the end of time, the reconciliation of everything with God, including the fallen angels.
This theory was revived by the Swiss theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905-1985), when he says that the Son descends into “the finality of death, stripped of all power, completely powerless, thus accepting death together with sinners, thereby showing solidarity with people who have rejected communion with God and other people and thus empties hell”.
Ľubomír Hlad views this theory – which has its positives and justifications, but also weak points – as Balthasar’s opinion.
It underlines the universal salvific will of God and the fact that salvation and damnation are not two equal possibilities for man. Thus, eternal salvation represents the will of God, while damnation is a human possibility.
The weakest point of this theory is that it did not allow for the real possibility of human downfall, the will to live and act against God, or to live in separation from him, which is not sufficiently in line with biblical anthropology. However, according to Ľubomír Hlad, God respects the free will of man in all his power.
“In this context, it should be noted that through sin and radical rejection of God’s love, a person destroys himself to such an extent that at the end of his life, he is incapable of loving either God or his neighbor,” the theologian explains.
The Czech Cardinal Špidlík used an example for this, where he says that we know from human experience that if, for example, someone betrays his spouse and he shows love to him despite everything, then the sinner can hate even these expressions of love.
It is similar in the case of God. “Even the revelation and seeing God’s love face to face does not necessarily mean for the human self (soul) a willingness to lean towards God and love him,” said the cardinal.
If there were no hell, God would deny man’s free will
Štefan Paločko from the Greek Catholic Faculty of Theology recalls that Christ taught that hell exists, that it is eternal, and that there are people who leave this world in a state of grave sin.
“These facts cannot be disputed if we want to remain in harmony with what Christ left us. The theory according to which no one is finally in hell would necessarily have to be built on the assumption that no person has left this world in actual grievous sin.”
Being in heaven and at the same time definitively preferring something temporary and ephemeral is an internal contradiction.
According to the Greek Catholic priest, the idea that someone who died in a grave sin, for which he did not confess or at least did not sincerely repent, would be saved from hell, results from a misunderstanding of the nature of sin.
Sin is a state in which a person prefers a created thing over God himself, which can be temporary enjoyment, relationship, possessions, awards, or earthly life.
“Being in heaven, that is, enjoying harmony with God and communion with him, and at the same time definitively preferring something temporary and transitory to God as a source of eternal happiness is internally contradictory. Such a possibility is internally excluded,” explains theologian Paločko.
If we were to accept the theory that everyone will eventually end up in heaven, including people who reject God, according to the theologian, this would mean that God arbitrarily decides who will be in heaven and hell. Although he indeed desires to have all people there.
“But the treasure of faith, as well as common sense confirming the free will of man, teach us that the decision of who ends up in heaven and who in hell depends on the decision of man and not of God. If a person’s free choice is to be real, the alternative of eternal damnation must also be real. Without this alternative, the possibility of free choice would be just a fiction for God,” adds Paločko.
Jesus also spoke about damned people, the saints also saw them
According to Paloček, we cannot even theoretically think that no person left this world with a grave sin or in rebellion against God, because even Jesus speaks of the damned and describes their state of suffering.
This would mean that Jesus’ warning about hell would be just an unrealistic scare, similar to parents scaring disobedient children with non-existent ghosts. “Such an interpretation, however, would be quite undignified, even infantile, and would suggest a very primitive practice to Christ.”
Definitive rejection of God is a real possibility, and many angels who are at a higher level of intelligence than humans have done so, despite knowing that they will be damned.
In this context, biblical scholar Peter Olas adds that the people we would like to send there quickly may not be in hell at all. “It can be an expression that God sees things even more completely differently and more mercifully than we do. Nevertheless, all of Jesus’ words from the Gospel about the existence of hell and the need for our own decisions about where we want to belong forever apply.
Ľubomír Hlad states that even though the church holds the doctrine of the possibility of damnation, it has never said of anyone that they are in hell. On the contrary, the church speaks of those who are glorified in heaven.
Hunger reminds us of a quote by Cardinal Korec, who said that damnation is not the most suitable kerygmatic topic, i.e. the topic for the first proclamation, but it is also necessary to talk about this tragic possibility that a person has, which makes this topic an impetus for responsibility, searching, authentic living human life.

The Last Judgment by Michelangelo.
Finally, some saints also had visions of hell. For example, the holy sister Faustína Kovalská described the horrors she saw there.
“I, Sister Faustína, was by God’s order in the abysses of hell so that I could testify to souls that hell exists! I can’t talk about it now, but I have a command from God to put it in writing.
The Satans therefore hated me, but at God’s command, they had to obey me. What I wrote is only a faint shadow of everything I saw there. And I knew one thing in particular: in hell, there are the most souls who did not believe that hell exists!”
Children in Fatima also mentioned seeing hell. Sister Lucia described it this way:
“The Virgin Mary spread her hands and a glow burst from her fingers, which seemed to have pierced the depths of the earth. A reflection of radiance seemed to penetrate the earth, and we saw a sea of fire, devils, and souls, as if they had been translucent coals of a black or bronze color, but with human appearance.
Souls floated in this conflagration, lifted aloft with flames, but then falling again on all sides, like sparks in great fires.
They were without weight and balance. Screams, moans of pain, and despair caused terror and trembling. Under the influence of this vision, I cried out in despair. All the bystanders heard it. Devils were distinguished by having the terrible and ugly features of terrible and unknown animals. But they were translucent like hot coals. We were so frightened that we raised our eyes to the Virgin Mary and begged for help.”
The Virgin Mary said to the children: “You have seen hell, where the souls of poor sinners go.”
According to the teachings of not only the Catholic Church, hell is real, and, unfortunately, according to several mystical visions, it is not empty either. As priest, Peter Fogaš pointed out in his blog in 2012, “While our ancestors were preached about hell often and colorfully, we are hardly told about it at all”.
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Fourth Sunday in Ordinary Time Year B Mark 1.21-28
No one doubts that the history of the world has been influenced by great personalities. Many of them were excellent with words and great orators. They were able to move the masses with their ideas. However, this ability did not always serve good causes. Some are said to have been demagogues and to have been able to influence the masses by distorting facts and lying.
Jesus, too, was an excellent orator. Since he was God, his words brought salvation to the people. Even in the synagogue they marveled at his teachings and questioned one another: “What is this? A new teaching! And what power he has: even to unclean spirits he commands and they obey him.”
The listeners perceive that Jesus’ words are incomparable to any other human words. Jesus does not behave like a demagogue, he does not use empty words, and he does not speak only human wisdom, but the word of God, the word of salvation and eternal life. His words heal, they set free, they bring restlessness to sinful hearts, but they also bring hope to those who receive them. Even the evil spirit trembles and cries out before them: “What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Hast thou come to destroy us? I know who you are: The Holy One of God.”
We hear similar words from the devil today: ‘What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Leave us alone! Leave us alone! Many people are girded by the evil spirit, they resist and cry out when Jesus addresses them when they feel his power. The writers of filthy literature and movies scream. Drug manufacturers scream. The manipulators of our children and youth are screaming. The mobsters and murderers scream. Shout the minions of the sex god. The supporters of homosexual marriage are shouting in the squares of Europe. But, sadly, simple Christians often cry out too when they feel the word of Jesus “squeezing” into their lives.
We may not all be able to speak passionately about our faith. All the more so should our “preaching” be exemplary Christian living. And even if we do sometimes speak out, let us not be on the side of those who hatefully shout at Jesus. Let us not say that everyone is entitled to all abominations and immoralities. Let us defend the interests of God on our planet! Let us not allow anyone to sully it! Let us not work in the service of the evil spirit!
Throughout history, word and speech have been used in the service of both good and evil. Let us be filled at this moment with the healing word of Jesus so that we may feel its liberating power and witness it in the world. There are very few projects in the world where the devil is not at work. He is not shouting today, but acting.
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Conversion of Saint Paul.
St. Paul was first a Pharisee and an active persecutor of Christians. After his conversion, he became an apostle to the nations and died for Christ as one of the Pillars of the church.
Compared to other apostles who knew Christ personally and lived with him for several years, the pardoned sinner, Paul of Tarsus, had to build his relationship with the Savior through long-term growth in faith largely by himself. In this, he is very similar to us, modern Christians. Given his nature and previous life as a Pharisee, this process was not without problems or even conflicts. After his conversion, he stayed in Damascus for three whole years, so that as a new creature who had put on Christ, he went to Jerusalem to meet Peter. For the rest of his life, until his martyrdom in Rome, wherever he went, he passionately proclaimed the Savior and Redeemer without compromise.
He conceptualized his metanoia radically and expected the same consistency from those whom he formed in the Christian faith on missionary journeys through the Mediterranean. Paul’s analysis of the world in which he worked can be used even today due to several social parallels with the present. His precision and early Christian response to the surrounding events could give us confidence in the solutions he proposed to make Christianity an authentic instrument of change for the entire human race.
For those who want to learn St. A little more about Paul and his ideas, we offer two excerpts (part of the Preface and a sub-chapter Meeting with the Risen Lord ) from the newly published Slovak translation of the book by the leading world expert on his life and former professor of the New Testament at l’École Biblique et Archéologique Française de Jérusalem, in 2013 by the late Dominican Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Paul: His Story – Apostle Paul. His story.
Preface
Writing this book has been a wonderful adventure – an attempt to turn life into a story. There are many biographies of Paul of Tarsus, but all are content to emphasize points that we can establish with some degree of certainty. The focus rests on the arguments that confirm certain conclusions and the “facts” that come to light and are presented as trophies in splendid isolation. The very nature of this process guarantees that Paul will never appear as a living being. Certain things have been discovered about him, but he is not seen as a distinctive individual. At many moments, he essentially appears as a disembodied mind from which theological thoughts pour forth.
Unlike Luke, I am not putting any words into Paul’s mouth, but I am busy with what Paul might have thought and felt. Simple common sense is the control here. Paul had to think things through before making any decision. I let him sort through the options, often in the context of a journey to a new situation. He could act impulsively and rashly, rushing into catastrophic strategic or tactical mistakes. In such cases, I try to explain why something went wrong and how Paul worked to avoid similar mistakes in the future.
Throughout my academic career, I have worked on many aspects of Paul’s life and theology, but trying to distill refined knowledge into a story has led me to insights I never knew existed. Paul is now more real to me as a person and more understandable as a theologian. I wish the same to my readers.
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Can a man know God by his means?. Can man know God by his means?
No. We can only deduce some obvious truths about God, such as his existence, His greatness, His power, His splendor… But we cannot learn anything deeper about Him unless He reveals it to us unless he does not tell us about Himself, and if he does not come near to us. Love and closeness, as we spoke of in the previous theme, require mutual Knowledge. Thus, the better we know the good qualities of the other, which in this case, speaking of God, are all perfect, the more easily we can love him. It is therefore to be hoped that God will reveal Himself to man to know him more deeply and to love him more.
“Man, created in the image of God, is called to make God know and love God. When he seeks him, he discovers certain “ways” along by which it is possible to come to the knowledge of God. They are also called ” proofs of God’s existence”, not in the sense of proofs such as those required by natural science, but in the sense of “convergent” and convincing conclusions that make it possible to reach real certainties” (CCC 31).
– “Man has faculties which enable him to know that there is one personal God. However, so that man might enter into an intimate relationship with him, God willed to reveal himself and give him the grace to receive this revelation in faith. However, the “proofs” of God’s existence can dispose to faith and help to establish that faith is not against human reason” (CCC 35).
God has relevance.
Because man is incapable of penetrating God’s mysteries, God does not must have revealed them to man as part of the plan of communion which he wanted to have.
– For all mankind, and each man in particular, the creatures are
God’s revelation: * “The sun, by its appearance at the rising, proclaims: ‘It is a strange body and work of the Most High” (Sir 43:2).
* At the sight of the starry night, a man exclaims: “The beauty of the heavens is also the stars are bright; by them, the Lord on high enlightens the whole world. (Sir 43:10).
* Looking at the refraction of light during the rains, let us remember the beauty of His work: “Behold the rainbow and magnify Him who made it, is greatly comforted by its splendor. “The rainbow, with its splendid arc, It winds across the heavens; the hands of the Most High have unrolled it (Sir 43:12-13).
* And after describing the wonders of creation, the book of Sirach finally says: “We might speak too much, but we miss the word; let there be an end of all talk: He is present in all things. If he is to be glorified, what can we do? For He is Almighty, He is greater than His works” (Sir 43:29-30).
– God has revealed Himself normally in time through His manifestations, which are collected in what we call revelation or scripture. * Moses speaks to the Lord, who sends him to lead his people out of Egypt and says to him: I will go to the Israelites and say to them: ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you. ‘ They will ask, ‘What is his name?’ And what will I answer them?” God said to Moses, ‘I am that I am'” (Ex. 3:13,-14).
* Before this revelation, God appeared to him in a fiery flame from
the thorn bush and said to him: I am the God of your father Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob” (Ex. 3:6).
* God still reveals Himself in the Old Testament. (Heb. 1:1).
– The progressive revelation of God, culminating in the coming of His Son: * “My Father has handed over everything to me. And no one knows the Son but the Father, neither knower any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whom the Son will (Mt 11:27).
* Paul speaks of Jesus Christ and his salvation “based on the revelation of the mystery which was hidden from eternity, but now has been revealed” (Rom. 16:25). He affirms that the realization of this mystery consists in this: “To realize in the fullness of time: to unite in Christ as the head of all that is in heaven and all that is on earth” (Eph. 1,10).
* But the clearest confirmation of this revelation of God in Christ
is given by Jesus himself: “He who sees me sees the Father” (Jn. 14:9), “The words, which I speak unto you, I speak not of myself, but of the Father, who abides in me, does his works” (14,10).
* The preceding statements are supported by many texts in Holy Scripture: Mt 16:17; Col 1:26; 1 Jn 1:1 -5; Heb 11:6; Jas 1:5.
– Finally, the Holy Spirit keeps revelation alive and makes it relevant in the Church. He gives us the ability to understand what has been revealed to us.
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Heinrich Seuse, priest, mystic.
Heinrich Seuse, also known as Henry Suso, was a German mystic and theologian who lived during the 14th century. He is well-know for his influential writings on mysticism and spirituality.
Zeus was born in Constance, Germany, in the year 1295. He entered the Dominican Order at a young age and dedicated his life to religious contemplation and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment. Seuse’s writings, reflect his deep devotion to God and his desire to experience a profound union with the divine. One of Seuses most famous works is The Book of Eternal Wisdom, In this mystical treatise, Seuse explores the nature of God , the path to spiritual growth, and the importance of love and humility in the spiritual journey. He emphasizes the idea of surrendering oneself completely to God’s will and seeking union with Him through prayer and meditation.
Seuse’s writings have had a significant impact on Christian mysticism and spiritual. His emphasis on the importance of inner transformation and the cultivation of a personal relationship with God resonated with many readers throughout the centuries. Seuse’s teachings have inspired countless individuals to deepen their spiritual lives and seek a closer connection with the divine.
Heinrich Seuse’s legacy as a mystic and theologian continues to influence and inspire spiritual seekers today. His writings invite us to explore the depths of our own souls and embark on a transformative journey towards spiritual enlightenment and union with God.
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Where there was a blessing of homosexual couples, there was a division.
Two Anglican parish priests at the blessing of their union.The blessing of same-sex couples does not cause passions and controversies only in the Catholic Church. What is happening with the Anglicans and the Methodists proves that wherever the churches did this, they were soon divided.
Anglicans. In the Anglican Church, they began to bless same sex couples only a day before the release of the Vatican document Fiducia supplicans , which Pope Francis allowed to bless irregular and homosexual couples. That is, December 17, 2023.
It is interesting that the General Synod of the Church of England used a similar argumentation as the Disaster for the Doctrine of the Faith in justifying this decision: marriage is only a union between a man and a woman, but the good that is found in the couple can be enhanced with a blessing.
Even the restrained attitude of the spiritual head of the Anglicans, Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby, who declared that he would not personally bless homosexual couples, did not prevent the bishops from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Pacific, associated in the conservative network GAFCON (Global Anglican Future Conference), from declaring breaking away from the Church of England.
“What we have proposed as a way forward is not nearly enough for many, while for others it is already too much,” responded the Bishop of London Sarah Mullally for the AP.
Professor of political science at Eastern Illinois University Ryan Burge, who is also a pastor of the American Baptist Church, added that African bishops across Christian churches have powerful ammunition in their hands: “They are telling the West: We are the ones who grow.” You may have money, but we have numbers.”

Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.
Methodists. Even more dramatic is the situation in the United Methodist Church, which with six million members is the third largest church in the USA (after the Catholic Church and the Southern Baptist Convention).
I mean, she was until recently. During the past five years, a quarter of the congregations left it (approximately 7,700 out of 30,500). The church has another seven million believers outside the USA, mainly in Africa, but many of them have already left and others are leaving. This also applies to the Evangelical Methodist Church in Slovakia, which left the United Methodist Church in 2022 and subsequently transferred to the newly founded conservative Global Methodist Church. We wrote more about it in this place .
A similar decision was made by many other Methodist churches, provinces, or congregations that no longer felt at home in the United Methodist Church.
The reason for this is that although the general conference of the church in 2019 rejected the liberalization of the Bible’s teaching on sexuality by a majority of 53 percent, many, especially American progressive churches, ignore this decision. An example is the consecration of the first lesbian bishop, although current norms do not allow it.
And what else. A similar division in the USA also occurred in the Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Evangelical Lutheran churches. On the contrary, the Southern Baptist Convention or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) still adhere to traditional doctrine.
Of the three largest Christian denominations – Catholics, Orthodox, and Anglicans – currently, access to homosexual couples does not cause internal tension only among the Orthodox. On the contrary, when at the end of last year the Greek government announced its intention to promote same-sex marriages (registered partnerships have been valid there since 2015), the local Orthodox Church responded with a clear “no” .
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